Introduction to Fiqh Science The Development of Fiqh During the Tabi'in and Madzhab Period

>>> FOREWORD

Praise be to Allah SWT, because with His grace, taufik and guidance, so the Task of Introduction Paper of Fiqh Our title with the title "The Development of Fiqh In The Tabi'in Period and the Imams of Madzhab" can be completed on time.
We finish this paper as soon as possible to fulfill the tasks that are given and we try our best to be a paper that can be used as a guide for the future for the readers of this paper with this paper which is expected to help to be one example Makala- so on.
But limitations and shortcomings still exist in our tasks so we ask for suggestions and criticism from listeners and readers for the perfection of our next paper, especially Introduction to Fiqh.
On this occasion we would also like to thank the lecturers of Introduction to Fiqh Studies, Mr. Abdul Hakim, M.Hi, and all the relatives who have given us much insight and knowledge especially in this task.
Finally with humility we hope that this task can be useful, and become a part of righteous deeds in the presence of Allah SWT. Amin amin yarobbal alamin.

>>> TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background
Problem Formulation
Goal
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. FIQIH DEVELOPMENT IN TABIIN PERIOD
Characteristics of Ahlu Ra'yi Madrasah (Persons With Mind)
Characteristics of Madrasah Ahli Hadits
B. FIQIH RESOURCES IN TABIAN PERIOD
C. SOURCES - LEGAL RESOURCES
D. BIRTH OF MADZHAB - MADZHAB
1. Hanifi Imam (80-150 H)
2. Imam Maliki (93-179 H)
3. Imam Syafi'i (150-204 H)
4. Imam Hanbali (164-241 H)
Method mutakallimin
Fuqaha Method
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

>>>CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY

Background

The science of jurisprudence is one of the most important disciplines in the life of the Islamic ummah. Fiqh is a science that emerged in the early days of Islam. Essentially, fiqh already existed at the time of the Prophet (s), though not yet a scholarly discipline. Because All religious issues that arose at that time, immediately asked to the Prophet SAW. So immediately the solution of the problem can be remedied, based on the Qur'an as al revelation al matlu and sunnah as alwahyughoiru matlu. Only after the Prophet SAW, the science of fiqh began to emerge, along with the emergence of problems that arise and require a law through jalan istimbat.Generasi successor Prophet Muhammad SAW not only stop at masakhulafa'urrosyidin, but still passed by the tabi'in and ulama 'sholihin up to our present day. The development of the science of jurisprudence, we can qualify periodically in accordance with the agreement of the scholars. There are four, among them: First is the period of emergence and pembentuakn the basics of Islam, this perode includes the time of Nani SAW and can also be referred to as the descendent of al qur'an or revelation. The second is the period of development and refinement, in this period covers the period of companions and tabi'in to the middle of the fourth qurun hijriyah. The third is the period of taqlid and old-fashioned, in this period ranged from the middle of the fourth century to the third century belashijriyah. The fourth is the time of awakening, this period ranging from the thirteenth century to the present.

Formulation of the problem
• How is the history of fiqih development in the tabi'in period?
• What is the development of jurisprudence in the time of the priests of the madhhab?

Aim
• History of the development of fiqh in the period of tabi'in.
• The development of jurisprudence during the priesthood - the madhhab priest

>>> CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. FIQIH DEVELOPMENT IN TABIIN PERIOD

From time to time fiqih always experience the development as well as in the era of sighar companion and tabiin which is the third period in the history of the development of fiqh that is after the period of prophethood and period of companions. Before discussed more deeply about the development of fiqh in the period of tabiin, will be explained in advance about the meaning of tabiin. According to Hermi (2008) tabiin is: the person who met the companions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW in the circumstances he believed in the Prophet Muhammad even though he did not see him and he died on the Islamic. This generation of tabiins is also a disciple of friends who learn a lot about Islam. In this period of tabiin the fuqaha is divided into two major groups of Ahlu ra'yi and ahlul hadith. The ahlu ra'yi group is domiciled in Iraq and this group tends to conclude a law based on rationality, while the ahl al hadith group is domiciled in the Hijaz region and this group strongly rejects the new tendency of the ahlu ra'yi group because it believes that religion is a divine provision that is not can be rationalized.
In contrast to the Iraqi fuqaha who enjoys a law, searches for andill the moral goals behind the visible law, the Hijaz fuqaha actually understands the texts very literally (dhahir) and considers the fatwa of friends as well as sources after the Qur'an and Sunnah (Sirry, 1996). The birth of two big groups is influenced by several factors both from cultural factors and structural factors. From the cultural, domicile or residential factors that are so much different that the Hijaz and Iraqi fuqaha have their own inclinations to conclude a law. Iraq is a country far away from the earth of prophethood and much influenced by other cultures and civilizations from outside Iraq, especially the influence of thinking thought of the western nation. Fuqaha area is often faced with various problems and problems of life are very diverse. To overcome these problems it is difficult for them to ask the solution of the problem to the tabiins who immediately learn from the companions because the location of Iraq is far from Makkah or Medina. This makes the Iraqi fuqaha forced to wear ijtihad and ratio.

This situation is different from the fuqaha in Hijaz, the location of Hijaz which is not far from Medina and which at that time is the warehouse of Islamic science makes the Hijaz fuqaha easier to learn directly to the scholars of Medina and they also do not need to berijtihad because there are already fatwa-fatwa sahabat who can overcome the problems they face. In addition, the people of this region are still surrounded by the atmosphere of simple life, like the circumstances of the time of the Prophet SAW. To overcome various problems in these conditions the jurists feel quite simply by relying on a literal understanding of the Qur'an, Sunnah and Ijma 'Companions. That's why they do not feel the need to be of a jihad like an Iraqi fuqaha.
While the structural factors that influence the differences of tendency between Hijaz and Iraqi fuqaha fuqaha among them is the influence of methodology of companions. Fuqaha Madinah like Abdullah bin 'Amr bin Ash and Zubair Abdullah bin Umar who refused to use rationality in concluding a law and looked at the texts literally. This affects the tabiin who studied him. Fuqaha Madinah tends to defend what is written in the texts dhahiriyah without doing further interpretation except in forced circumstances. Once told by Sirry (1996) that a time Salim bin Abdullah bin Umar was asked about a problem but he did not answer it and silence him because he feared wrong in determining the law. This reflects that the Medina and Hijaz fuqaha prefer to silence the problem rather than conclude a law based on their own opinion.
This is different from that of the Iraqi fuqaha who was influenced by Umar ibn Khattab's thought that tended to be rational. So when Ibn Mas'ud taught Islam to his disciples he also inherited the tendency of his thinking. Among the disciples of Ibn Mas'ud who are very appreciative of his thoughts are 'Alqamah, Ibn Masyruq and Shuraih. And from one of his disciples' Alqamah, rationality thought began to be passed on to the next generation and finally came to Ibrahin An-Nakh'ie (the teacher of Abu Hanifa) famous as the founder of the ra'yi faculty. Apart from the methodological factors of the companions, the theological developments that occurred in Iraq also influenced differences in fuqaha thinking such as the presence of khawarij and Shiite groups in the Iraqi region. The emergence of counterfeits in the narrations of hadith also requires the Iraqi fuqaha to make strict selection of acceptance of hadith. While in Hijaz without conducting the transmission of the hadith transmissions they have received fatwas from the Companions so they do not need to do ijtihad.

According to Sirry (1996) the most interesting thing about the Iraqi fuqaha is that they have the privilege of predicting an event that has not yet emerged and set the law.

In addition to the characteristics of the ahlu ra'yi and ahlul ahits that have been described above Qhattan (2011) also put forward other traits:

Characteristics of Ahlu Ra'yi Madrasah (Persons With Mind)

• Too much detailing the problem furu'kenena too often confronted with reality, therefore they sometimes questioned the problem that has not happened, most of them say: bagamaina if for example like this? What if like this? What if like this? Then they make the law of things that have not happened tersebut.lalu ask again: what if then like this again.Then they constantly bifurcated the problem furu ', without seeing it possible or not, to the point that ulama'hadits call them al araaitiyyun, Said bin musayyad said to rabi'a when he had a problem: are you an iraq? Asad bin al farad had come to malik bin anas, asad also told me: the people around malik when it was asking a lot of malik about the problem, I asked Also, after my question was answered, people told me to ask again, what if the problem was like this, I also asked again, he also postponed the answer one day, then he said in the next day, he is salih silah binti salih silah, if you want please to iraq.

• Narrated the hadiths as well as sorting the hadith with some requirements, they are not incessant in narrating hadith, like Umar bin Khattab and Ibn Mas'ud, they also rarely narrated directly from the Messenger of Allah as if they are reluctant to narrate from the Messenger of Allah not reluctant to narrate from their own reason.

The characteristics of the Hadith School of Madrasah

• They do not question and force the problem because the law is based on reality not based on things that are still suspicion. Nash agam has shown the law not to seek illat-illat in law or legal relationship with illatnya.

• Many narrated hadith and stopped to atsar only. Scholarship according to them covers 3 fields namely Al-Qur'an, Hadith and Atsar. Their attention focuses on the origin of narratives and the foundations of fiqh.

B. FIQIH RESOURCES IN TABIIN PERIOD

The sources of jurisprudence of this period are the same as the period of khulafaur rashidin, namely the Qur'an, sunnah and ijtihad. It's just that in this period there arose efforts to collect and write the hadith. As explained earlier that during the time of the discovery of the existence of the falsification of the transmission of hadith, it is most likely that this is the basis of the collection and transmission of hadith. In addition to the basic factor was the collection and writing of the hadith is also influenced by other factors, such as the urgency of the situation for the fuqaha who began to face problems and new problems that require them to immediately solve that of course based on the Sunnah or hadith of the Prophet. In addition began to loss of concern for the emergence of excessive attention to the writing of the Sunnah so forget the writing of revelation as experienced by the Prophet at the time of the Qur'an was revealed.

C. SOURCES - LEGAL RESOURCES

In this period there are two kinds of suber law, namely: mashodir muttafaq 'alaiha and mashodir mukhtalaf' alaiha.
There are four sources of law that jumhur muslimin agreed upon, namely: al qur'an, sunnah, ijma 'and qiyas. While the sources of law that mukhtalaf namely: Istihsan, mashlahah mursalah, istishab, saddu Dzaro'i ',' the charity of Medina, qoul sohabiy, 'urf and the last is syar' man qoblana.
At this time the whole manner of berijtihad that we know has been used even though the scholars of each region have their own colors in berijtihad. For example: Abu Hanifa and his disciples in Iraq other than the Qur'an, Sunnah and Ijma, emphasize the use of qiyas and istihsan. Imam Malik in Hijaz besides the Qur'an, Sunnah and Ijma, emphasizes the use of al-maslahah al-mursalah.

D. BIRTH OF MADZHAB - MADZHAB

In this period was born madzhab-madzhab Islam with the characteristics and orientation of each. Each madhhab has many followers who teach their opinions and apply their manhajnya as follows:

• Hanifi Imam (80-150 H)

His full name is Imam Abu Hanifa Nu'man bin Thabit bin Sutha bin Mahmuli Taymillah bin Tsa'labah, born in 80 AD in the city of Kufa during the reign of the Umayyad dynasty. He is more popularly called Abu Hanifah. His grandfather was a Persian believer. Hanifa in the Iraqi language means ink. This is because he wrote and gave many fatwas.
Method Ijtihad Imam Abu Hanifa: Al-Qur'an Hadith from the history of belief, Shabat's Fatwa, Qiyas, Istihsan (out of general qiyas because there is a stronger reason).

• Imam Maliki (93-179 H)

His full name is Malik bin Anas bin Malik bin Abi Amir bin Amir al-Asbahi al Madani. He was born in Medina in 93 H. Since he was young he has memorized the Qur'an and has seen his interest in the science of religion.
The Ijtihad Method Imam Malik ibn Anas: The Qur'an, the Hadith (including the hadith dhaif which was practiced by the people of Medina), Ijma ', Atsar which was practiced by the people of Medina, Qiyas, Mashlahah Mursalah (out of Qiyas common for reasons of seeking maslahat), Sya' u man qoblanaa.

• Imam Syafi'i (150-204 H)

He is Abu Abd Allah Muhammad bin Idris bin Al-Abbas ibn Uthman ibn Shafi'i Al-Hashimi Al-Mutholabi bin Abdi Manaf. A young Quraish who nasabnya meet with nasab Rasulullah on Abdu Manaf, grandfather fourth generation above Rasulullah. He was born in Ghaza, Palestine (another history born in Asqalan, border with Egypt) in 150 H, the same year as the death of Imam Abu Hanifa. She was born in an orphan state, cared for and raised by her mother in a state of deprivation (poor).
Method Ijtihad Imam Syafi'i: Al-Qur'an, Hadith, Ijma ', Qiyas, Istidlal.

• Imam Hanbali (164-241 H)

He is Abu Abdillah Ahmad bin Hanbal bin Hilal bin Asad Asy-Syaibani Al-Marwazi Al-Baghdadi. Born in the city of Baghdad in the year 164 H. His father died when he was a child and then raised and cared for by his mother. The city of Baghdad was then the capital of the Caliphate of Bani Abbas and was the storehouse of scholars and scientists. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal studied many scholars in his hometown.
Method Ijtihad Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal: Nash (Al-Qur'an & Hadith), Fatwa Sahabat, Their opinions are closer to the Qur'an and Sunna, Hadits Mursal / Dhaif, and Qiyas.
Previously it should be emphasized that every school of fiqh has ushul fiqh. Only, their writing methods are different. Method of writing ushul fiqh that exist, among others:
The mutakallimin method
This method of writing ushul fiqh uses a logical approach (mantiqy), theoretical (furudl nadzariyyah) in formulating rules, without relating it to furu '. Their goal is to get a rule that has strong justification. The usul rule generated by this method has a tendency to regulate furu '(hakimah), stronger in tahqiq al masail and tamhish al khilafat. This method is far from ta'asshub, because it gives istidlal aqly a very large portion in the formulation. This can be seen in Imam al Haramain which is sometimes opposed to other ulma.

Embraced among others by; Shafi'iyyah, Malikiyyah, Hanabilah and Shias.

Fuqaha Method
It is not argued that Abu Hanifa has a ushul rule which he uses in istinbath. This is seen from his manhaj; take the ijma 'shahabat, if there is a difference choosing one and not out of the existing opinion, he did not assess the opinion of tabiin as hujjah. However, having not abandoned the precepts in written form, his followers gathered masail / furu 'fiqhiyyah, grouped the furu' which had similarity and summed up the ushul rule from him. This method adopted Hanafiyyah school. Often also understood as takhrij al ushul min al furu '. This method is the opposite of the mutakallimin method.

>>> CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

The development of fiqh very rapidly especially at the time after the death of Rasulullah SAW. And in the time of the Tabiin there were two very influential groups namely Ahlu Ro'yi (fuqaha in Iraq) and Ahlul Hadith (Fuqaha in Hijaz). Fuqaha in Iraq tends to involve rationally when it concludes the law of a matter and it is very different from that of the Hijaz who tends to assume that the question of religion is a divine provision that can not be rationalized. This happens because influenced by several factors both cultural and structural. This difference in trends leads to differences in the way scholars of the ulama in Iraq and the Hijaz are allowed.
When the four priests come, they follow the tradition of the generation that before them, only some of them are closer to the Sunna, such as; of the Hijaz (Ahl Hadith) who are mostly supporters of the hadith's perowi, while some are closer to the ratio or thought (Ahl Ra'y), such as; the Iraqi people who are not much encountered among them the hadith memorizers because of the distance of their place from the place of revelation.
The priests have devoted all their abilities to introducing this religion and guiding people to it, and they forbid people to commit themselves or follow blindly without knowing theorem or reason.

Introduction to Economics Maximizing Profit

 

Media Informasi - Profit or profit can be defined in 2 ways :

1. Profit in Pure Economics is defined as an increase in the wealth of an investor as a result of his capital investment, after deducting the costs associated with the investment (including opportunity costs).
2. Profit in accounting is defined as the difference between the selling price and the cost of production.

Profit is the element that most concerns the user because more numbers are expected to be rich enough to represent the company's overall performance. However, the accounting till now has not reached steadiness in meaning and profit measurement. Therefore, unlike the elements of other financial statements, the discussion of profit includes three levels :

1. Semantics
2. Syntactics
3. Pragmatics

From the standpoint of accounting engineers, the concept of profit is developed to meet the objectives of providing information about the company's performance widely. meanwhile, information users have different goals. Profit accounting theory faces two approaches, first profit for various goals or different goals different earnings. Accounting theory is directed to formulate profit with the first approach. Concepts in the semantic level include the interpretation of profit as a measure of performance, confirmation of investor expectations, and estimates of economic earnings. Although accounting should not be able to measure and present economic profit, accounting should at least provide profit information that can be used by users to measure the economic profit that turn to determine the company's economic value.

Eating profits in general is an increase in prosperity in a period that can be enjoyed (distributed or withdrawn) provided that initial prosperity is maintained. This kind of understanding is based on the concept of capital retention. This concept distinguishes between profit and capital. Capital is meaningful as the stock of potential services or prosperity while profit is a flow (flow) of prosperity. With the concept of capital retention can be distinguished between returns or investments and return on investment as well as between operations transactions and owner transactions. Furthermore, profits can be viewed as net asset changes so that various basic capital valuations can be applied.

Profit is the increase in capital (net asset) derived from a rare by-product or transactions of a business entity, and from all transactions or other events having a business entity during one period, except that arising from the revenue or owner's investment ( Baridwan, 1992: 55).

The general understanding of earnings is the difference of income over its expenses within a certain period (period). Profit is often used as a basis for taxation, dividend policy, investment guidance as well as decision making and the elements of prediction (Harnanto, 2003: 444).

In economic theory is also known the term profit, but the understanding of profit in the theory of eonomy is different from the understanding of profit by accounting. In economic theory, economists interpret profit as an increase in corporate wealth, whereas in accounting, profit is the difference in realized revenues from transactions occurring at a time compared to expenses incurred in a given period (Harahap, 1997).

Earnings or losses are often utilized measures to assess company performance or as a basis for other assessment measures, such as earnings per share. The elements that form the part of profit-making are revenues and costs. By classifying the elements of income and expenses, different earnings measurements can be obtained, among others :

a. Gross profit
b. Operational profit
c. Profit before tax
d. Net profit

Reasons for profit maximization:

1. The principle of salvation (George stigler) states that the surviving company of all time is the one who is looking for the highest return. Non-profit-oriented business units will be crushed by efficient firms.
2. Low profits invite a corporate takeover. Stock prices will be low (fall) if management fails to run its business efficiently (get a high profit).

Economic profit :

1. The meaning of profit is the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC).
2. Costs consist of explicit costs and implicit costs.

Three approaches find maximum profit (maximum) :

1. The total approach (total approach)
2. The average approach
3. Marginal approach (marginal approach)

Minimize cost:

The implication of the profit maximization that the firm will choose the method to produce a certain output at the lowest cost

COMPUTER AND INTERNET

PRELIMINARY

• In the 21st century, computers become a very conventional media in the world, especially with the existence of other technologies that have been embedded in it is the Internet network.

• The Internet is a computer network capable of connecting computers around the world so that information, in various types and forms, can be communicated between the world in an instant and global. 

• The development of Internet technology, has changed the pattern of community interaction, namely; business, economic, social, and cultural interactions.

• The Internet has contributed greatly to society, companies / industries and governments.

• The presence of the Internet has supported the effectiveness and operational efficiency of the company, especially its role as a means of communication, publications, as well as the means to obtain various information needed. 

UNDERSTANDING AND FUNCTION COMPUTERS

  

COMPUTER

• A computer is a machine designed specifically to manipulate coded information, an automated machine that performs automated work and simple and complicated calculations.

• A computer unit consists of four basic components: input, processor, data storage, and output. 

 Information and Communication Technology Equipment, including:

• Computer
• Telephone
• Mobile
• PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
• Television
• Radio

Some information and communication technology equipment can complement each other in its use.

The ability of information technology equipment that can be used on various information and communication technology equipment other called CONVERGENCY.

In this convergence technology, the internet, mobile phone, telephone, computer, PDA networks can be interconnected to access any information.

Mobile phone technology equipped with Bluetooth and Infra Red (IR) can be connected to a computer or notebook (laptop), making it easier for us to find information, communicate via the internet wherever we are.

COMPUTER FUNCTIONS

Computers as ICT equipment have several functions as media:

• Information
• Communication
• Transaction
• Entertainment 

The computer works with certain rules that require the program as its software and brainware as its controller (operator).

The process of working the computer undergoes a cycle, ie input - process - output repeatedly.

Input is processed by the computer which then released into an information.

The process of working computer as a communication medium is supported by some additional equipment (peripherals), namely: MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator).

Modem installed on the computer, then to be able to access the internet we must register it on the ISP (Internet Service Provider).

ISP is a provider of internet access services, including: Indosatnet, telkomnet, Wasantaranet, etc ..

COMPUTER SYSTEM ELEMENTS 

HARDWARE

Namely computer equipment that is physically visible and can be touched. Hardware is an essential tool for the computer to function.

SOFTWARE

Namely: Program that contains instructions / commands to perform data processing. It is a set of computer instructions used to manipulate data.

BRAINWARE

Namely: the man who operates and controls the computer system. Any sophisticated computer without brainware, the computer will not matter.

There are 2 kinds of Software:

Operating System

Is a program to start the computer from the start, for example:

• DOS
• Windows
• LINUX

Application Program

Is a program to run a particular application, for example:

• Microsoft Word: to process words
• Microsoft Excel: to process data
• Internet explorer: for browsing, email, chat, etc.

There are 2 kinds of Brainware :

User

is a person who is able to operate a computer and only to operate.

Administrator

Is the person who organizes the system, data, other administrative in the computer.

UNDERSTANDING AND FUNCTION OF THE INTERNET

INTERNET (INTERnational NETworking)

• The Internet is a collection of computers that are interconnected with each other through various media.
• Internet is a large library in which there are millions, even billions of information / data that can be text, graphics, audio and animation and others.
• In order to connect to the Internet network, users must use an ISP-specific service (Internal Service Provider)
• Internet applications are widely used, among others, electronic mail (e-mail), and network universe highway (world wide web)
• The Internet first appeared about 20 years ago.
• In recent years the internet has become more widespread as a result of widespread information.
• This is a potential that can be used for students to find the information they want. This information is provided by private websites, universities, corporations, and other institutions 

INTERNET BENEFITS

• WAREHOUSE INFORMATION

• E-COMMERCE

• NEWS UP TO DATE

• LIBRARY

• EDUCATION

SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION

• To simplify the existing searches on the internet should use the facilities of search engines available on the internet.
• There are a number of internet search engines that provide an easy and fast way to search the data on web pages for certain keywords.
• Used site addresses are:

• Alta Vista http://www.altavista.com/
• Exite http://www.exite.co.uk/
• Google http://www.google.com/
• WebCrawler http://www.webcrawler.com/
• Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com/

FREE SOFTWARE

• The Internet is a full place to get good quality devices for your computer.
• Example;

- LATEX and TEX (mathematical typesetting programs) 

   http://www.tug.org/ctan.html
 

- R - general statistical packege 

   http://www.gnu.org/sofware/r/R.html

- DJGPP - a free C / C ++ computer programming language complier
   http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/ 

JOURNAL ONLINE

• Now many journalists who publish their articles on the internet as well as in writing.
• To access via electronic articles, you have to pay for the journal. In some cases you may access the site from a recognized institution to subscribe.
• Some journals are not included into the electronic version of the article on their website, but we can get it on a dedicated database site.
• For example some journals can be obtained from journal facilities, among others: (http://www.bids.ac.uk/journal/browser/a/es) This site is managed by Bath Information Data Service (BIDS)

OTHER USE OF INTERNET

There are several other uses of the internet. As an example:

• Many universities offer online tutorials in several courses, including notes that we can download.
• Funding agencies manage their own sites, in which there are funding advantages they offer.
• Online bookstore (for example Amazon, at http://www.amazon.co.uk/).
• Introduction to statistics (for example StatSoft 'Electronic Statistics Texbook at http://www.ststsoft.com/texbook/stat home.html) provides techniques for analyzing data.

 

JOB OPPRTUNITIES

There are various websites that provide job vacancies, namely:

• Jobs.ac.uk http://www.jobs.ac.uk/ Which allows us to find employment at UK universities.

• Guardian Unilimited Jobs http://www.jobs.guardian.co.uk/ Which allows us to search for jobs from the UK, also provides career information and also provides a network for other sites. 

• NewScientiestJobs http://www.newscientiestjobs.com Provides job vacancy data. But this site requires to register first before accessing (Free registration)

• Monster.co.uk http://www.monster.co.uk/ Provides job vacancy information from around the world. And you can get detailed data about jobs sent directly to your e-mail.

MAY BE USEFUL !!!

Belajar Urutan Kata (word order)

Media Informasi - Word Order

The adjective (modifier) must present before noun e.g. :

• A beautiful girl not a girl beautiful
• An internation competition not a competition international
• Sandy has a cat beautiful (false)
• Sandy has a beautiful cat (true)

(ARTICLE AN AND A) bermakan satu:
Seekor, sepiring, sesendok, sebuah, etc.

An untuk menerangkan kata benda yang berjumlah (satu) yang diawali bunyi
vocal (a,i,u,e,o)

E.g. An interesting movie, an English calss, an important file, etc.
Susi always cooks an omelet for her husband before going to office.
She has an acne in her face.

• A untuk menerangkan kata benda yang berjumlah (satu) yang diawali bunyi Konsonan (selain a,i,u,e,o).
• A wonderful day, a cat, a nasty acne, etc.

Article An and a tidak bisa digunakan untuk kata benda yang berjumlah lebih dari satu :

An not use (ells)
A big not use (houses)
An extraordinary not use (people) atau orang - orang


Article the (benda tersebut / itu)

The di baca thi ketika bertemu vocal dan fi baca the ketika bertemu bunyi konsonan.
Sandra has a black cat. The cat has long tail.

Fatima writes a letter. The important letter
will be sent to her father.


There is or There are

• There is bermakna ada untuk ada satu benda, binatangm orang atau hal.
• E.g. There is a mosque near here.
• Is there a mosque near here?
• There are bermakna ada untuk lebih dari satu benda, binatan, orang atau hal.
• E.g. There are several important things.
• Are there several important things?

THANKS...

Belajar Simple Past Tense

Media Informasi - SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan / menceritakan suatu peristiwa
yang telah terjadi pada waktu lampau (dulu).

Put the verb in the past tense.
Example :

• She [walk] with me to bus stop yesterday
• She walked with me to bus stop yesterday
• I [buy] a shirt last sunday
• I bought a shirt last sunday

Change the form of each sentence according to the given marks!

+ Tom began to study English last year.
? Did Tom begin to study English last year ?
- Tom did not begin to study English last year.

Interrogative Sentence

Replace the above sentences into affirmative sentences!

Present Progressive Tense

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Media Informasi - boeqilking

• The Use of Present Progressive Tense

Present Progressive/Continuous Tense adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang dilakukan atau dikerjakan saat ini / sekarang (now).

• How to differentiate between simple present and present progressive tense?

• Extra Examples

Untuk membicarakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi

Janet : "do you hear something"
Steven : "yes, someone is knocking at the door"

Kiki usually sits next to Doni, but today he is sitting next to John.

• Fill the blanks with is, am or are!

E.g. the midwife....helping the pregnant woman the midwife is helping the pregnant woman.

• Replace the following affirmative sentence into negative and interrogative sentence!

E.g. The monkey is shaking its head (+)
The monkey is not shaking its head (-)
is the monkey shaking its head?

• Note / Catatan :

Terdapat beberapa Stative Verbs; kata kerja menyatakan keadaan
tidak boleh dinyatakan dalam bentuk Continous/Progressive.

Jenis Stative Verbs:

ARE
WE
THEY
YOU
RIFA'I AND MIA
AM
I

IS
SHE
He
IT
MIA

Nominal And Verbal Sentence

Media Informasi - NOMINAL AND VERBAL SEENTENCE

Nominal sentence (condition)

Nominal Sentence (to be / linking verb) 

Verbal Sentence (activity) 

Verbal Sentence (VERB) 

 Fill The Gaps! 

Replace the above sentences into negative and affirmative sentences!


Verb s / es : goes, does, plays, studies, writes ect. (he, she, it, ayu, a saylor, a goal keeper and so forth) 
Fusali goes to campus
Verb, dont use (s / es) : you, they, I, we, ayu and aria, sailors, tailors, and so forth.
Fusali and Salmi go to a movie theater.

• Do (I, you, we, they, fusali and suhaibah, a doctor and his patient, a lecture and his student, lectures, teachers).
• Does (fusali, he, she, a teacher, a farmer, a carpenter, a doctor, a lecturer).

Teachers do not enter the class because they have a meeting with the head master.
Are (you, they, we, evi and tamala, teachers)
Is (he, she, it, a teacher, evi)
Am ( I )